![]() ![]() 62 This design makes it easier to satisfy the fundamental assumption of the case-control study: that cases and controls represent random samples from the same study base. 28,61 The nested case-control design differs from the non-nested case-control design in that patients are selected from a well-defined cohort, for which data on all members can be obtained. 60 The members of the base cohort are followed for a certain period of time until the specific outcome or end point occurs. Vetter, Roger Chou, in Practical Management of Pain (Fifth Edition), 2014 Nested Case-Control StudyĪ nested case-control study is a case-control study in which the cases and controls are selected from members of an existing longitudinal cohort. 43 The multicenter case–control study, bassed on 2304 cases (1360 oral and pharyngeal, 702 laryngeal, and 235 esophageal cancers) and 2227 controls, found an OR of 1.03 (95% CI 0.87–1.23) for the highest tertile of coffee intake compared with the lowest tertile ( P trend, 0.716), after adjusting for many covariates, including age, sex, smoking, and alcohol. The prospective study, based on 92 cases, found an RR of 1.44 (95% CI 0.63–3.32) for a consumption of >5 cups/week compared with <1 cup/week ( P trend, 0.441), after adjusting for age, smoking, and alcohol drinking. 42 A prospective study among Hawaii Japanese men 43 and a multicenter case–control study (ARCAGE) conducted in 14 centers of 10 European countries 44 found no relation between coffee intake and the risk of the upper aerodigestive tract cancers that, beside head and neck cancers, include esophageal cancer. Carlo La Vecchia, in Coffee in Health and Disease Prevention, 2015 38.2.3 Upper Aerodigestive Tract CancerĪ case–control study from Puerto Rico, considering together cancers of the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus found a row OR of 1.44, after adjustment only for age and sex. Bias can be introduced during selection of cases and controls and in determining exposures retrospectively, and inferring causation from statistically significant associations can be complicated by difficulty in determining the temporal sequence of exposure and disease.Īlessandra Tavani. Case-control studies also have several drawbacks. ![]() Case-control studies also can evaluate multiple exposures that may contribute to a single outcome study subjects frequently can be identified from existing sources (e.g., hospital or laboratory records, disease registries, or surveillance reports) and, after identification of suitable control subjects, data on previous exposures can be collected rapidly. Case-control studies are retrospective in that disease status is known and serves as the basis for selecting the 2 comparison groups exposures are then determined by reviewing available records or by interview.Ī major advantage of case-control studies is their efficiency in studying uncommon diseases or diseases with a long latency. The odds ratio is not the same as a risk ratio however, it provides an estimate of the risk ratio if the disease or outcome in question is rare. Differences between the groups are expressed by an odds ratio, which compares the odds of an exposure in case and control groups (see Table 1.4). In a case-control study, the investigator identifies a group of people with a disease or outcome of interest (cases) and compares their exposures with those in a selected group of people who do not have disease (controls). Martin, in Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (Fifth Edition), 2018 Case-Control Studies ![]()
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